What Is Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and How Does It Affect You?

 What Is Inflammatory Bowel Disease?

 

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) causes sections of the intestine (bowel) to grow red and swollen (inflammation). It's a chronic ailment, which implies it lasts a long time or continually comes and goes.

 

There are two forms of IBD: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. These illnesses have many aspects in common, yet there are fundamental differences:

 

  1. Crohn's disease can affect any region of the gastrointestinal system, from the mouth to the anus (where waste comes out) (where poop comes out). The inflammation of Crohn's disease destroys the whole intestinal wall.

 

  1. Ulcerative colitis happens exclusively in the large intestine (the colon) (the colon). It produces lesions called ulcers on the inside lining of the colon.

 

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What Is the Cause of Inflammatory Bowel Disease?

 

IBD is an illness whose aetiology is uncertain. A single agent or a mixture of agents—bacteria, viruses, or antigens—stimulates the immune system to initiate an inflammatory response in the digestive tract. Recent research indicates that IBD may be caused by familial, genetic, and environmental factors. Additionally, an autoimmune reaction may be triggered by the body's tissue. Whatever causes it, the response is uncontrollable and causes damage to the intestinal wall, resulting in diarrhoea and abdominal discomfort.

 

There is compelling evidence that IBD has a genetic basis, including the following:

 

  • Up to 20% of patients with IBD have a family history of the disease.

 

  • IBD is more prevalent in Caucasian people. Additionally, it is more prevalent among Jews, particularly Ashkenazi Jews.

 

The NOD2 gene was identified as the first gene associated with Crohn's disease in 2006. Since then, researchers have identified over 200 genomic regions associated with inflammatory bowel disease.

 

Identifying a genetic link would aid scientists in comprehending the changes that cause inflammatory bowel disease and developing more effective treatments. A genetic link could also result in the development of an IBD test.

 

 

 

 

What Are the Symptoms of Inflammatory Bowel Disease?

 

As with other chronic diseases, a person with IBD will often go through times when the disease flares up and causes symptoms, followed by periods in which symptoms reduce or disappear and good health returns.

 

Symptoms range from moderate to severe and mainly depend upon which region of the intestinal tract is implicated. They include:

 

  • Abdominal cramps and pain
  • Diarrhoea may be bloody.
  • Extreme urgency to have a bowel movement
  • Fever
  • Weight loss
  • Loss of appetite
  • Iron deficiency anaemia due to blood loss

 

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How Is Inflammatory Bowel Disease Diagnosed?

 

Your physician will diagnose you with inflammatory bowel disease based on your symptoms and the results of different examinations and tests:

 

Examination of the stool You will be asked to provide a stool sample submitted to a laboratory to rule out the potential of diarrhoea being caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Additionally, the stool will be checked for blood traces that are not visible to the human eye.

 

Blood count in its whole. Blood will be drawn by a nurse or lab technician and tested at the lab. A rise in the number of white blood cells indicates the presence of inflammation. Additionally, if you experience significant bleeding, your red blood cell count and haemoglobin level may fall.

 

Additional blood tests on Electrolytes, proteins, and markers of inflammation, such as ESR and C-reactive protein (CRP), could be drawn to decide how severe the disease is. We may also measure the perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) levels.

 

X-ray of barium- Although it is rarely used, It can be used to look for abnormalities in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract — the oesophagus, stomach, and small intestine—caused by Crohn's disease. You ingest a white, chalky solution that coats the digestive tract and makes it visible on X-rays. If a barium study is done to examine the lower GI tract, you will be given a barium enema and instructed to hold it in while rectum and colon X-rays are taken. These X-rays may reveal abnormalities caused by Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis.

 

Additional radiologic examinations- CT scanning, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound have all been used to diagnose Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.

Sigmoidoscopy. A doctor uses a sigmoidoscope, a slender, flexible tube equipped with a camera and light, to inspect the final one-third of your large intestine, including the rectum and sigmoid colon. The sigmoidoscope is inserted through the anus, and the intestinal wall is visually inspected for ulcers, inflammation, and bleeding. Additionally, the doctor may obtain samples of the intestinal lining, termed biopsies, using a device put via the tube. These will next be studied under a microscope in a laboratory.

 

Colonoscopy. A colonoscopy is similar to a sigmoidoscopy, except that the doctor will examine the entire colon with a colonoscope, a longer flexible tube. This method allows you to determine the amount of colon disease.

 

Upper endoscopy. If you have upper gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and vomiting, your doctor will examine your oesophagus, stomach, and duodenum, the first section of your small intestine. Ulceration of the stomach and duodenum occurs in up to one in every ten patients with Crohn's disease.

 

Capsule endoscopy. This test may be beneficial in diagnosing small intestinal disorders, such as Crohn's disease. You ingest a tiny capsule containing a camera. The oesophagus, stomach, and small bowel are photographed and then transmitted to a receiver worn on the belt. At the conclusion of the procedure, the receiver's images are downloaded to a computer. The camera is inserted into the toilet via your body.

 

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How Is Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Treated?

 

Inflammatory bowel disease is treated with medicines, diet changes, and surgery. Treatment aims to relieve symptoms, prevent other problems and future flare-ups, and possibly heal the inflamed intestines.

 

Doctors may recommend:

 

  • anti-inflammatory drugs to decrease the inflammation
  • immunosuppressive agents to prevent the immune system from causing inflammation
  • biologic agents to block proteins that cause inflammation
  • nutrition therapy to give the bowel a chance to heal

 

Antibiotics may be prescribed by physicians to prevent or treat infections. Individuals with inflammatory bowel disease should always consult their doctor before taking antidiarrheal medication.

 

Because some medications make it more difficult to fight infections, it is critical that your child is tested for tuberculosis and receives all recommended vaccines before beginning treatment.

 

It can be difficult for people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to get the calories and nutrients they need if they have poor appetites, diarrhoea, or poor digestion of nutrients. Children with IBD should eat various foods, drink plenty of fluids, and refrain from foods that aggravate their symptoms.

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 Reference Gastroenterology & Hepatology UCGconferences press releases and blogs

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